Historical catastrophic floods at the southern edge of the Atacama Desert: A multi-archive reconstruction of the Copiapo river extreme events

The last hydrometeorological extreme event that caused large floods in the southern Atacama Desert in March 2015 raised concern about how little was known about the fluvial dynamic of these arid basins. Understanding the response of intermittent and ephemeral rivers in drylands to the present context of global change is critical to preserve the ecological and human systems they support, to sustainably manage their scarce water resources and to develop flood risk management plans. We have studied the instrumental and historical record and explored the potential of the Copiap ' o River geological record in the comprehension of how extraordinary the 2015 flood was and how its fluvial dynamic relates with global climate oscillations. We have identified 36 flood events that have occurred in the last 400 years: 22 of them have been classified as ordinary rises of the river flow (discharges <30 m(3) /s), 11 as extraordinary floods in which the damage is confined to areas adjacent to the river (discharges 30 -180 m(3) /s), and only 3 as catastrophic floods (discharges >180 m (3) /s), including the 2015 flood event. The incorporation of the historical and palaeohydrological data into the flood frequency analysis results in an increase of the magnitude of the flood quantiles in which large flood events occur with an average recurrence interval of 120 years. Most of the flood events were caused by heavy rains that are largely linked to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation with a superimposed effect of the ENSO. Discharges >30 m(3) /s, i.e., extraordinary and catastrophic floods, occur with positive phases of the PDO and the ENSO. Further exploration of the fluvial geological record of the Copiap o River will help lengthening to thousands of years the flood record what will help improving communities ' resilience by anticipating flood hazards in the current global change context, in which stronger rainfall events modulated by ENSO and ENSO -like conditions are expected.